Simulação in situ de parada cardíaca em fibrilação ventricular para o treinamento de profissionais de enfermagem / In-situ simulation of cardiac arrest in ventricular fibrillation for professional nursing training

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência e a percepção dos profissionais de enfermagem com a utilização de simulação in situnão anunciada de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) em ritmo de fibrilação ventricular no ambiente intra-hospitalar. Métodos: Manequim (Laerdal®) de alta fidelidade foi colocado no leito de isolamento de uma Unidade Coronariana que dispõe de central de monitoramento, sem o conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem que estavam assumindo o plantão. Um técnico de enfermagem do turno anterior de trabalho passou o caso como um paciente fictício recém-admitido com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Após a passagem do plantão, modificou-se o ritmo cardíaco do manequim de ritmo sinusal para fibrilação ventricular. Registrou-se o tempo (em minutos e segundos) desde a modificação do ritmo até algum profissional da enfermagem desencadear uma ação efetiva relacionada ao fato. Após o profissional perceber que se tratava de um manequim, ele foi orientado a desencadear as intervenções adequadas como se fosse um paciente real. Após o final da simulação, um questionário para avaliação da percepção desses profissionais em relação à atividade foi aplicado. Resultado: Quinze profissionais participaram da simulação in situ. O tempo para reação foi 28 segundos no turno diurno, dois minutos e seis segundos no turno vespertino e quatro minutos e três segundos no período noturno. Todos profissionais (100%) reconheceram a importância do treinamento, todos (100%) acharam que este treinamento aumenta a segurança do profissional e do paciente, a maioria (90%) achou que pode melhorar a comunicação entre a equipe, e todos (100%) acharam que atividades como esta deveriam ser repetidas. Conclusão: A simulação in situ parece ser uma alternativa viável para o treinamento dos profissionais de enfermagem no atendimento inicial da PCR em um hospital de emergência brasileiro. Esta atividade foi avaliada positivamente pelos participantes (AU).

Objective: Report the experience and perception of nursing professionals with an unannounced in-situ simulation of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in ventricular fibrillation in an in-hospital environment. Methods: A high-fidelity mannequin (Laerdal®) was placed on the isolation bed of a Coronary Care Unit with a monitoring center without the knowledge of the nursing professionals taking over the shift. A nurse technician from the previous shift was told to report the case as a fictitious newly admitted patient with acute myocardial infarction. After the care transition, the cardiac rhythm was changed from sinus rhythm to ventricular fibrillation. The time was recorded (in minutes and seconds) from the onset of ventricular fibrillation until a nursing professional triggered an effective action. After the professionals realized it was a mannequin, they were instructed to initiate the appropriate interventions as if the mannequin were an actual patient. After the end of the simulation, a questionnaire was used to assess the professionals' perception of the activity. Results: Fifteen professionals participated in this in-situ simulation. The reaction time was 28 seconds on the morning shift, two minutes and six seconds on the afternoon shift, and four minutes and three seconds on the night shift. All professionals (100%) recognized the importance of this training, and all thought it increased professional and patient safety. Most participants (90%) thought it could improve communication among the team. All professionals (100%) felt that such activities should be repeated. Conclusion: In-situ simulation is a feasible alternative to train nursing professionals in the initial CPA management in a Brazilian emergency hospital. Participants positively evaluated this activity (AU).

Analysis of relevant factors influencing the 30-day survival rate of patients with cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: research based on 8-year data of a class III hospital / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the survival of patients with cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA-CPR), and to analyze the factors influencing survival at 30 days after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).@*METHODS@#A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Clinical data of 538 patients with CA-CPR admitted to the People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region from January 2013 to September 2020 were enrolled. The gender, age, underlying disease, cause of CA, type of CA, initial rhythm, presence or absence of endotracheal intubation, defibrillation, use of epinephrine, and 30-day survival rate of patients were collected. The etiology of CA and 30-day survival rate among patients with different ages were compared, as well as the clinical data between patients who survived and died at 30 days after ROSC were also compared. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the relevant factors affecting the 30-day survival rate of patients.@*RESULTS@#Among 538 patients with CA-CPR, 67 patients with incomplete information were excluded, and 471 patients were enrolled. Among 471 patients, 299 were males and 172 were females. Aged from 0 to 96 years old, 23 patients (4.9%) were < 18 years old, 205 patients (43.5%) were 18 to 64 years old, and 243 patients (51.6%) were ≥ 65 years old. 302 cases (64.1%) achieved ROSC, and 46 patients (9.8%) survived for more than 30 days. The 30-day survival rate of patients aged < 18 years old, 18-64 years old and ≥ 65 years old was 8.7% (2/23), 12.7% (26/205) and 7.4% (18/243), respectively. The main causes of CA in patients younger than 18 years were severe pneumonia (13.1%, 3/23), respiratory failure (13.1%, 3/23), and trauma (13.1%, 3/23). The main causes were acute myocardial infarction (AMI; 24.9%, 51/205), respiratory failure (9.8%, 20/205), and hypoxic brain injury (9.8%, 20/205) in patients aged 18-64 years old, and AMI (24.3%, 59/243) and respiratory failure (13.6%, 33/243) in patients aged ≥ 65 years old. Univariate analysis results revealed that the 30-day survival rate of patients with CA-CPR may be related to the the cause of CA was AMI, initial rhythm was ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, endotracheal intubation and epinephrine. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis results showed that CA was caused by AMI [odds ratio (OR) = 0.395, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 0.194-0.808, P = 0.011] and endotracheal intubation (OR = 0.423, 95%CI was 0.204-0.877, P = 0.021) was a protective factor for 30 days of survival after ROSC in patients with CA-CPR.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The 30-day survival rate of CA-CPR patients was 9.8%. The 30-day survival rate of CA-CPR patients with AMI after ROSC is higher than that of patients with other CA causes, and early endotracheal intubation can improve the prognosis of patients.

Effect of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf on myocardial cell apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin/PPARγ pathway in arrhythmic rats / 中国中药杂志

This paper aimed to investigate the effect of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf on myocardial cell apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ) pathway in arrhythmic rats. SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a low-dose(20 mg·kg~(-1)) group of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf, a medium-dose(40 mg·kg~(-1)) group of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf, a high-dose(80 mg·kg~(-1)) group of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf, a propranolol hydrochloride(2 mg·kg~(-1)) group, with 12 rats in each group. Except the control group, rats in other groups were prepared as models of arrhythmia by sublingual injection of 1 mL·kg~(-1) of 0.002% aconitine. After grouping and intervention with drugs, the arrhythmia, myocardial cells apoptosis, myocardial tissue glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), catalase(CAT), malondialdehyde(MDA), serum interleukin-6(IL-6), prostaglandin E2(PGE2) levels, myocardial tissue apoptosis, and Wnt/β-catenin/PPARγ pathway-related protein expression of rats in each group were measured. As compared with the control group, the arrhythmia score, the number of ventricular premature beats, ventricular fibrillation duration, myocardial cell apoptosis rate, MDA levels in myocardial tissues, serum IL-6 and PGE2 levels, Bax in myocardial tissues, and Wnt1 and β-catenin protein expression levels increased significantly in the model group, whereas the GSH-Px and CAT levels, and Bcl-2 and PPARγ protein expression levels in myocardial tissues reduced significantly. As compared with the model group, the arrhythmia score, the number of ventricular premature beats, ventricular fibrillation duration, myocardial cell apoptosis rate, MDA leve in myocardial tissues, serum IL-6 and PGE2 levels, Bax in myocardial tissues, and Wnt1 and β-catenin protein expression levels reduced in the drug intervention groups, whereas the GSH-Px and CAT levels and Bcl-2 and PPARγ protein expression levels in myocardial tissues increased. The groups of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf were in a dose-dependent manner. There was no significant difference in the levels of each index in rats between the propranolol hydrochloride group and the high-dose group of total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf. The total flavonoids of buckwheat flower and leaf inhibit the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, up-regulate the expression of PPARγ, reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in myocardial tissues of arrhythmic rats, reduce myocardial cell apoptosis, and improve the symptoms of arrhythmia in rats.

Protection of intestinal immune barrier against ischemia/reperfusion injury in a swine model using anisodamine hydrobromide

Abstract Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) causes barrier impairment and bacterial influx. This study explored the protective effects of anisodamine hydrobromide (AH) on intestinal I/R injury caused by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after cardiac arrest (CA). After successful CPR, minipigs were randomly divided into two groups (n = 8): saline and AH (4 mg/kg), and then treated with saline or AH via central venous injection, respectively. The same procedures without ventricular fibrillation initiation were conducted in the Sham group (n = 8). Levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) were measured at different time points (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h) in serum and 6 h in gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) to evaluate changes in the proportion of T-helper type 1 (Th1) and T-helper type 2 (Th2). Moreover, the positive culture rates of GALTs were examined to evaluate bacterial translocation. AH treatment markedly alleviated aberrant arterial blood gas and hemodynamics as well as intestinal macroscopic and morphological changes after CPR. Moreover, AH treatment significantly increased IFN-γ and decreased IL-4 in both serum and GALTs. Furthermore, AH treatment dramatically decreased positive bacterial growth in GALTs. AH treatment mitigated immunosuppression caused by intestinal I/R and protected the intestinal immune barrier against bacterial translocation, thereby reducing the risk of secondary intestinal infection

Influence of Microcirculatory Dysfunction on Myocardial Injury after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study aimed to examine the effects of microcirculatory dysfunction and 654-1 intervention after cardiopulmonary resuscitation on myocardial injury.@*Methods@#Landrace pigs were divided into a sham operation group (S group, n= 6), ventricular fibrillation control group (VF-C group, n= 8) and 654-1 intervention group (VF-I group, n= 8). Hemodynamics was recorded at baseline, at recovery of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h thereafter. Sidestream dark field (SDF) technology was used to evaluate and monitor the microcirculation flow index, total vessel density, perfusion vessel ratio, De-Backer score, and perfusion vessel density in animal viscera at various time points.@*Results@#After administration of 654-1 at 1.5 h post-ROSC, the hemodynamics in the VF-I group, as compared with the VF-C group, was significantly improved. The visceral microcirculation detected by SDF was also significantly improved in the VF-I group. As observed through electron microscopy, significantly less myocardial tissue injury was present in the VF-I group than the VF-C group.@*Conclusion@#Administration of 654-1 inhibited excessive inflammatory by improving the state of visceral microcirculation.

Ablación y neuromodulación en tormenta arrítmica: serie de 4 casos y revisión de la literatura / Ablation and neuromodulation in arrhythmic storm: a report of 4 cases and literature review

Resumen: Se presenta una serie de 4 casos clínicos de pacientes con y sin cardiopatía estructural, que tuvieron uno o más episodios de tormenta arrítmica. Se describen los tratamientos con sus resultados y una revisión bibliográfica con los avances en el tema más allá de la ablación con catéter.

Abstract: We present 4 clinical cases of patients with and without structural heart disease, who had one or more episodes of arrhythmic storm. Treatments, results and a bibliographic review with advances beyond catheter ablation are described.

Muerte súbita cardíaca por fibrilación ventricular asociada a isquemia miocárdica, tratada por desfibrilador automático implantable / Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation associated with myocardial ischemia, treated by implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Resumen: Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 67 años, con múltiples factores de riesgo cardiovascular, quien en el año 2015 presentó muerte súbita por fibrilación ventricular sin lesiones coronarias significativas, tras lo cual se implantó un desfibrilador automático. En el año 2019 presentó un nuevo episodio de fibrilación ventricular en relación con síndrome coronario agudo con supradesnivel del ST localizado en pared anterior, registrado y adecuadamente resuelto por el dispositivo. Se demostró una oclusión aterotrombótica en la porción proximal de la arteria descendente anterior. Fue precoz y exitosamente manejado con angioplastía coronaria percutánea e implante de stent fármaco activo, guiado por tomografía por coherencia óptica intracoronaria. A las 48 horas post angioplastía, presentó episodio de taquicardia ventricular polimorfa reconocido y tratado por el cardiodesfibrilador, sin consecuencias. Electivamente se efectuó angioplastía e implante de stent metálico en arteria coronaria derecha distal, con buen resultado angiográfico. La posterior evolución del paciente fue satisfactoria, sin manifestaciones de insuficiencia cardíaca, angina ni arritmias.

Abstract: A 67-year-old man, with multiple cardiovascular risk factors who in 2015 presented sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation without significant coronary lesions, after which an implantable automatic defibrillator (ICD) was implanted. In 2019, he presented a new episode of ventricular fibrillation adequately resolved by the device, in relation to an acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation in the anterior wall of the left ventricle, due to atherothrombotic occlusion in the proximal portion of the anterior descending artery. He was early and successfully managed with percutaneous coronary angioplasty by the insertion of a drug eluting stent, implanted guided by intracoronary optical coherence tomography. Forty eight hours later, he presented an episode polymorphic ventricular tachycardia recognized and treated by the ICD. Angioplasty with a bare metal stent implantation were performed in the distal right coronary artery, with good angiographic results. The subsequent course was satisfactory, with no manifestations of heart failure, angina or arrhythmias.

Síndrome de brugada en el paciente quirúrgico de urgencia. Reporte de caso / Brugada syndrome in the emergency surgical patient. Case report.

Introducción: El síndrome de Brugada es una condición genética rara, el diagnóstico se establece por un patrón electrocardiográfico en particular que se asocia a un riesgo de fibrilación ventricular y muerte súbita; Objetivo: Presentar un caso interesante de un paciente joven quién ingreso a quirófano con la impresión clínica de apendicitis aguda para realizar apendicetomía video laparoscópica. Durante el procedimiento presento múltiples episodios de taquiarritmias; desencadenando Fibrilación Ventricular de difícil manejo trans y post operatorio, debido a los medicamentos peri-operatorios, agresión quirúrgica y fiebre. Material y Métodos: Se documento y presentó un caso interesante; Presentación de Caso: Paciente masculino de 26ª, sin antecedentes médicos, con impresión clínica de apendicitis aguda ingresa a quirófano, durante el acto quirúrgico presenta arritmias, documentándose Fibrilación Ventricular con inestabilidad hemodinámica que amerito desfibrilación externa, revirtió a ritmo sinusal. Al concluir el acto quirúrgico, se realiza EKG, evidenciando supradesnivel del segmento ST en V1 y V2 e inversión de la onda T por lo que pasa a unidad de cuidados intensivos, sin reversión anestésica y con tubo orotraqueal. Paciente se monitoriza en UTI, se realiza EKG evidencia ritmo nodal. Se extuba a las 12h post operatorias y se traslada a cardiología en 48h donde establecen que paciente cursa con patrón de Brugada. Conclusiones: Con el creciente número de pacientes con trastornos de conducción heredadas que se presentan para cirugía no cardiaca que están en riesgo de muerte súbita; el éxito en el manejo peri, trans y post operatorio depende de un conocimiento detallado de estas condiciones. (AU)

Introduction: Brugada syndrome is a rare genetic condition, the diagnosis is established by a particular electrocardiographic pattern and is associated with a risk of ventricular fibrillation and sudden death; Objective: To present an interesting case of a young patient who enters the operating room with the clinical impression of acute appendicitis to perform laparoscopic appendectomy and that during the procedure present multiple episodes of tachyarrhythmias; triggering Ventricular Fibrillation, what causes him difficult trans and postoperative management, due to peri-operative medications, surgical aggression and fever. Material and Methods: An interesting case was documented and presented; Case Presentation: Male patient of 26 years old, without medical history, with clinical impression of acute appendicitis was admitted to the operating room, during the surgical act it presents arrhythmias, showing Ventricular Fibrillation with hemodynamic instability that warrants external defibrillation, reversed at sinus pace, EKG is performed showing elevation gain of the ST segment in V1 and V2 and inversion of the T wave at the end of the surgical act, so it goes to intensive care unit, without anesthetic reversal and with orotracheal tube. Patient is monitored in ICU, EKG shows nodal rhythm, extubates at 12h post op and at 48h was transferred to cardiology where they establish that patient studies suggest Brugada pattern; Conclusions: With the increasing number of patients with inherited driving disorders who present the thee for non-cardiac surgery who are at risk of sudden death; success in peri, trans and postoperative management depends on a detailed knowledge of these conditions. (AU)

Tratamiento con radiofrecuencia de la tormenta eléctrica: evolución y seguimiento / Radiofrequency treatment for electrical storm: evolution and monitoring

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La tormenta eléctrica (TE) se caracteriza por episodios repetidos de taquicardia ventricular o fibrilación ventricular relacionados con mal pronóstico a corto y largo plazos. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia, resultados y supervivencia de los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento intervencionista por TE en un centro de referencia. Métodos: Estudio unicéntrico, observacional y retrospectivo. Se revisaron los procedimientos de ablación por TE y se evaluaron las características basales de los pacientes, tipo de procedimiento, mortalidad total, recurrencia de arritmia, mortalidad cardiovascular y necesidad de trasplante. Resultados: Desde enero de 2009 hasta diciembre de 2016 se realizaron 67 procedimientos (38% de complejos: 19% de ablación endoepicárdica, 7.5% de crioablación epicárdica quirúrgica, 3% de simpatectomía, 3% de inyección coronaria con alcohol; 6% de apoyo con oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea) en 41 pacientes (61% de causa isquémica) por TE. La mortalidad intraprocedimiento fue del 1.5%. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 23.5 meses (RIQ, 14.2-52.7). Tras el primer ingreso por TE (uno o varios procedimientos), la mortalidad a un año fue de 9.8%. La incidencia acumulada de trasplante cardiaco por TE fue de 2.4%. En el análisis multivariado, el riesgo de recurrencias arrítmicas o muerte por cualquier causa fue significativamente mayor en pacientes con arritmias clínicas inducibles (HR, 9.03; p = 0.017). Conclusiones: El tratamiento de pacientes con TE, instituido en un centro de referencia y con experiencia, se relacionó con una tasa baja de recurrencia y supervivencia elevada, con una tasa de trasplante cardiaco por TE muy baja. Ante una recurrencia temprana es recomendable practicar un nuevo procedimiento durante el ingreso.

Abstract Introduction and objective: Electrical storm (ES) is characterized by repeated episodes of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, with poor short and long term prognosis. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence, results of interventional treatment and survival of patients undergoing interventional treatment for ES in our center. Methods: Retrospective, unicentric and observational study. ES ablation procedures were revised and data regarding baseline characteristics of the patients, type of procedure, total mortality, recurrence of arrhythmia, cardiovascular mortality and the need for transplantation were evaluated. Results: From January 2009 to December 2016, 67 procedures (38% complex procedures: 19% epicardial ablation, 7.5% surgical epicardial crioablation, 3% simpatectomy, 3% coronary alcohol injection, 6% extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support) were performed in 41 patients (61% Ischemic etiology) due to ES. Intraprocedural mortality was 1.5%. The median follow-up was 23.5 months (IQR [14.2-52.7]). After the first admission for ES (one or several procedures), 1-year mortality was 9.8%. The cumulative incidence of cardiac transplantation was 2.4%. The risk of arrhythmic recurrences or death was significantly higher in patients with inducible clinical arrhythmias after ablation (HR: 9.03, p = 0.017). Conclusions: The treatment of patients with ES, performed in a reference center, allows obtaining good rates of recurrence and survival, with very low rates of cardiac transplantation for ES. In the presence of an early recurrence, it is advisable to perform a new procedure during admission.

Atención de Enfermería en el paciente adulto con Paro Cardiorrespiratorio en el Hospital General San Francisco / Nursing care in the adult patient with Cardiorespiratory Arrest at the San Francisco General Hospital

1. INTRODUCCIÓNSegún la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se registran cada año más de 17 200 000 fallecimientos a nivel del mundo por causas cardiovasculares1-3.La enfermedad coronaria causa habitual de Paro Cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) en adultos4. Los pacientes de mayor riesgo corresponden a 50 y 70 años de edad, en un 70% hombres vs 30% mujeres, el 80% de estos se dan por Fibrilación Ventricular (FV) o Taquicardia Ventricular Sin Pulso (TVSP), datos registrados en 20175-7.En el Ecuador, acorde al Instituto Na-cional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC) en el año 2019 se registraron 8 779 muertes a causa de isquemias del corazón, convir-tiéndose en la principal causa de morta-lidad general con un 11,80%8.En esta ruta se describe cuál es el papel de la enfermera como parte del equipo de respuesta ante un PCR, con base a las Guías de la American Heart Association (AHA).El procedimiento a seguir está expre-sado en el contexto de la Taxonomía de la North American Nursing Diagnosis Asso-ciation (NANDA), Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), el nombre y siglas en inglés de la clasificación estandarizada y codificada de las intervenciones de en-fermería y Nursing Outcomes Classifica-tion (NOC), la clasificación de resultados obtenidos luego de los cuidados.

1. INTRODUCTIONAccording to the World Health Organiza-tion (WHO), more than 17 200 000 deaths worldwide are registered each year from cardiovascular causes1-3.Coronary heart disease is a common cause of Cardiorespiratory Arrest (CRP) in adults4 The highest risk patients co-rrespond to 50 and 70 years of age, 70% men vs 30% women, 80% of these are due to Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) or Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (PVT), data recorded in 20175-7. In Ecuador, according to the National Ins-titute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC) in 2019, 8 779 deaths were recorded due to ischemia of the heart, becoming the main cause of general mortality with 11.80%8.This route describes the role of the nurse as part of the response team to a CRA, based on the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines.The procedure to be followed is expressed in the context of the Taxonomy of the North American Nursing Diagnosis As-sociation (NANDA), Nursing Interven-tions Classification (NIC), the name and acronym in English of the standardized and coded classification of nursing inter-ventions and Nursing Outcomes Classifi-cation (NOC), the classification of results obtained after care.

Ablação de fibrilação ventricular desencadeada por extrassístole ventricular da cúspide coronariana esquerda: relato de caso / Ablation of ventricular fibrillation triggered by ventricular extrasystole of the left coronary cusp: case report

INTRODUÇÃO: A ablação por cateter para FV surgiu como uma estratégia nos pacientes nos quais um batimento ectópico é identificado como gatilho. Descrevemos um caso de ablação de FV com sucesso, desencadeada por EV's com origem na cúspide coronariana esquerda (CCE). Relato de caso: Uma mulher de 73 anos com MCP dilatada não isquêmica (FEVE de 20%) e CDI implantado há 9 anos devido a FV induzida em EEF, foi admitida em nosso serviço por choque apropriado. ECG demonstrou EV's frequentes com morfologia de BRE e eixo inferior. Holter 24h revelou EV's monomórficas frequentes (19%) e 68 episódios de TVNS. A interrogação do dispositivo mostrou um episódio de EV desencadeando TV rápida que logo degenerou em FV. Realizada telemetria do CDI concomitante à gravação de ECG, confirmando que as ectopias espontâneas e as que desencadeavam os episódios de TV/FV eram exatamente da mesma morfologia. A paciente foi encaminhada para ablação por cateter. O mapeamento do VE foi realizado por via de acesso retroaórtica. A ativação mais precoce foi registrada na CCE com potenciais precedendo o QRS da extrassístole em 50ms. A energia de RF (potência 50W, temperatura 60°C) foi aplicada no VE em posição subcúspide (Fig.1), com eliminação imediata dos batimentos ectópicos. O Holter 24h foi repetido 2 meses após o procedimento e não mostrou arritmias ventriculares. A paciente evoluiu bem, com resolução dos sintomas e melhora da classe funcional. Discussão: O ECG desempenha um papel importante na identificação da origem das EV's. No presente caso, foram observadas EV's com morfologia de BRE e achados sugestivos de local de origem em VSVE / cúspide coronariana. As cúspides coronarianas esquerdas representam 5-8% do total de sítios focais de extrassístoles ventriculares. Este é o primeiro caso relatado de FV desencadeada por extrassístoles decorrentes da cúspide coronariana esquerda e com resolução completa dos sintomas e densidade da arritmia durante o acompanhamento. Conclusões: Descrevemos um caso de FV desencadeada por EV tratada com sucesso com ablação por RF. A raridade da FV relacionada à cúspide coronariana esquerda é o principal destaque deste caso.

Muerte súbita intrahospitalaria luego de infarto agudo de miocardio en Cuba en los últimos tres años. Análisis de registros institucionales / Sudden intra-hospital death after acute myocardial infarction in Cuba in the last three years. Analysis of institutional records

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento de posibles causas predisponentes de muerte súbita (MS) intrahospitalaria luego de un infarto agudo de miocardio (IMA) en registros cubanos. Material y método: Se realizó una búsqueda de registros clínicos de pacientes con IMA en Cuba en las bases de datos de revistas nacionales, Scientific Library On-line (ScieLO) y Medline. Se priorizaron los artículos publicados desde 2016 para ser incluidos. Se definió como muerte súbita aquélla secundaria a arritmias ventriculares malignas (TV y FV), así como los pacientes con rotura cardíaca y actividad eléctrica sin pulso o asistolia como forma de presentación. Con posterioridad se evaluó la relación de este parámetro con la aparición de muerte súbita en 710 pacientes del Registro de Síndromes Coronarios Agudos (RESCUE). Resultados: En el contexto extrahospitalario, más de la mitad de las muertes súbitas cardíacas son secundarias a un infarto agudo de miocardio. En el hospital, la mortalidad en Cuba por IMA es homogénea. Sólo los centros con intervencionismo coronario escapan a este fenómeno. Aunque no del todo letales, las arritmias ventriculares malignas se relacionan con un peor pronóstico y su prevalencia no es homogénea en los registros revisados. Conclusiones: La muerte súbita luego de infarto agudo de miocardio será aún en Cuba una de las principales causas de muerte en los pacientes de fase aguda.

Abstract Objective: To analyze possible predisposing causes of in hospital sudden cardiac death (SCD) after an acute myocardial infarction (IMA) in Cuban registries. Material and methods: A search of clinical records of patients with IMA in Cuba was performed in the databases of national journals, Scientific Library On-line and Medline. Those articles published since 2016 were prioritized for inclusion. Sudden death is defined as that secondary to malignant ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) as well as patients with cardiac rupture with pulseless electrical activity or asystole as a form of presentation. Subsequently, the relationship of this parameter with the occurrence of sudden death was evaluated in 710 patients from the Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (RESCUE). Results: In the out-of-hospital setting, more than half of SCD are secondary to an IMA. Once in the hospital, mortality in Cuba from IMA is homogeneous. Only centers with coronary interventionism escape this phenomenon. Although not totally lethal, the presence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias is associated with a worse prognosis and its prevalence is not homogeneous in the reviewed records. Conclusions: Sudden death after IMA will continue to be one of the main causes of death of patients in the acute phase in Cuba.

Arritmias graves en el síndrome de takotsubo: ¿cuándo dar de alta? / Severe arrhythmias in Takotsubo syndrome: when to discharge?

Resumen El síndrome de takotsubo o miocardiopatía por estrés es una alteración de la funcionalidad miocárdica, que se asocia con frecuencia a situaciones de estrés físico o emocional. Corresponde entre el 1 y el 2% de todos los ingresos a urgencias por síndrome coronario agudo y tiene una prevalencia y tasa de mortalidad de 4,1% y 2% a 8%, respectivamente. Hasta el 10% de los pacientes presenta algún tipo de complicación. En Colombia los datos epidemiológicos son limitados. En la actualidad se desconoce con exactitud la fisiopatología subyacente y no hay consenso acerca del tratamiento del síndrome y las complicaciones asociadas; por consiguiente, estos interrogantes son posibles temas de investigación. Se expone un caso clínico de características inusuales, que cursó con alteraciones electrocardiográficas, cinéticas y de conducción miocárdica infrecuentes, además de evolución clínica inesperada, que culminó en paro cardiorrespiratorio secundario a taquicardia ventricular polimórfica por persistencia del intervalo QT prolongado. Con base en la experiencia clínica y en la evidencia científica disponible se recomienda monitorizar estrechamente a los pacientes con alteración adquirida de la repolarización miocárdica hasta que esta se normalice y considerar la implantación de un dispositivo cardiaco tipo cardiodesfibrilador en casos de alto riesgo.

Abstract Takotsubo syndrome or stress cardiomyopathy is a myocardial functional disorder, which is often associated with situations of physical or emotional stress. It accounts for between 1% and 2% of all those admitted to the Emergency Department due to acute coronary syndrome, and has a prevalence and mortality rate of 4.1% and 2% to 8%, respectively. Up to 10% of the patients have some type of complication. Epidemiological data are scarce in Colombia. The underlying pathophysiology is still not exactly known, and there is no consensus on the treatment of the syndrome and the associated complications. Therefore, these questions are possible research topics. A clinical case of unusual characteristics is presented, which included rare electrocardiographic, kinetic, and myocardial conduction characteristics. It also had an unexpected clinical outcome, which culminated in cardiorespiratory arrest secondary to a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia due to persistence of the prolonged QT interval. Based on clinical experience and on the available scientific evidence, it is recommended to closely monitor patients with an acquired change in myocardial repolarisation until it returns to normal, and to consider an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in cases of high risk.

Catheter Ablation for Brugada Syndrome

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an arrhythmogenic disease associated with an increased risk of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). To date, the standard therapy for the prevention of SCD in BrS is the use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) especially in patients who have experienced a prior cardiac arrest or syncopal events secondary to VF. However, ICDs do not prevent the occurrence of VF but react to defibrillate the VF episode, thereby preventing SCD. Often patients with recurrent VF have to be maintained on antiarrhythmic drugs that are effective but have remarkable adverse effects. An alternative therapy for BrS with recurrent VF is catheter ablation which emerged as an effective therapy in eliminating VF-triggering premature ventricular complexes in limited case series; however, there has been a remarkable progress in effectiveness of catheter ablation since epicardial substrate ablation was first applied in 2011 and such approach is now widely applicable.

Effect of Renal Denervation on Suppression of PVC and QT Prolongation in a Porcine Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Antiarrhythmic effect of renal denervation (RDN) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of RDN on ventricular arrhythmia (VA) after AMI in a porcine model.METHODS: Twenty pigs were randomly divided into 2 groups based on RDN (RDN, n=10; Sham, n=10). After implanting a loop recorder, AMI was induced by occlusion of the middle left anterior descending coronary artery. Catheter-based RDN was performed for each renal artery immediately after creating AMI. Sham procedure used the same method, but a radiofrequency current was not delivered. Electrocardiography was monitored for 1 hour to observe VA. One week later, the animals were euthanized and the loop recorder data were analyzed.RESULTS: Ventricular fibrillation event rate and the interval from AMI creation to first VA in acute phase were not different between the 2 groups. However, the incidence of premature ventricular complex (PVC) was lower in the RDN than in the Sham. Additionally, RDN inhibited prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval after AMI. The frequency of non-sustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia, arrhythmic death was lower in the RDN group in the early period.CONCLUSIONS: RDN reduced the incidence of PVC, inhibited prolongation of the QTc interval, and reduced VA in the early period following an AMI. These results suggest that RDN might be a therapeutic option in patients with electrical instability after AMI.